Why has John Hattie changed the term “self-reported grades” to “student expectations"?

Modified on Fri, 11 Oct at 3:42 PM

In the Visible Learning book (2009) the term “self-reported grades” were used. Since publishing that book the title of this influence was changed to “student expectations” (different from teacher expectations) and then reverted once again to “self-reported grades” as published in the one-page Visible Learning Plus Influences on Student Achievement.


The notion is that students are very adept at predicting their performances which on the one hand is great, but too often this prediction sets the bounds to which they invest in the learning. It is our role as educators is to show them, they can exceed their self-expectations.

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