The National Reading Panel (NRP) meta-analysis (2004) makes these distinctions. The NRP examined whether phonemic awareness instruction was significantly better than alternative forms of training in helping children acquire phonemic awareness and enabling them to apply this skill in their reading and spelling. Results were positive. The overall effect size on phonemic awareness outcomes was large, d=0.86. The overall effect size on reading outcomes was moderate, d=0.53. The overall effect on spelling was also moderate, d=0.59. Effects were significant on measures of children’s ability to read words and pseudowords as well as their reading comprehension. Effects were significant on standardized tests as well as experimenter-devised tests. These findings show that teaching children to manipulate phonemes in words was highly effective across all the literacy domains and outcomes” (John Hattie, personal communication, July 13, 2017).
Was this article helpful?
That’s Great!
Thank you for your feedback
Sorry! We couldn't be helpful
Thank you for your feedback
Feedback sent
We appreciate your effort and will try to fix the article